颜色理论词汇库2017年9月开始收集整理
A
绝对反射率值（Absolute Reflectance Value）
反射率值定为1.0，与反射面和漫射面密切相关，等于反射光能量除以入射光能量。
吸收（Absorption）
光线射入或穿过物体时，光或电磁辐射转化为热或其他辐射的过程。
准确性（Accuracy）
测量结果与认可的参考值或标度吻合。
非彩色（Achromatic Color）
一种无色调的中和色，如白色、灰色或黑色。也称无色彩。
入射角（Angle of Incidence）
入射光线与入射表面法线的夹角叫做入射角。
视角（Angle of View）
视线与物体表面垂直方向所成的角叫做入射角。
属性（Attribute）
感觉、知觉或外观模式的显著特征。色彩和几何外观属性不同。
B
亮度（Brightness）
观测者对发光体表面发光强弱的视觉感受。（不完全等同于颜色的深浅和明暗）
C
校准（Calibration）
仪器输出与某属性的图示或数学关系式，将仪器参数调整到出厂默认状态。
色彩（Chromatic）
有色调的视觉感受——非白色、灰色或黑色，例如红、绿、蓝色等。
色彩属性（Chromatic Attributes）
那些与光的光谱分布、色调和饱和度相关的属性。
色度（Chromaticity）
色度指不包括亮度在内的色别标志。
CIE 1976 L*a*b*色域（CIE 1976 L*a*b* Color Space）
1976年，为测量小色差，国际照明协会（CIE）建议采用统一色域，这一数值采用亚当斯•尼克森（Adams-Nickerson ）立方根公式计算而出。
CIE色度座标（三色系数）
一种颜色的每个三刺激值与三刺激值总和的比值。色度坐标在CIE系统中用x、y、z表示。
CIE亮度函数
1924年，CIE采用视觉反应的相对值图谱作为380到770纳米波长的一项功能。
CIE标准观测仪
这是一种假定的观测仪，拥有三刺激混色数据，CIE于1931年建议使用以实现2°视野（x, y, z 或 x2, y2, z2）测量。1964年使用的10°视野（x10, y10, z10）是一种辅助观测仪。
CIE 三刺激值
在给定的三原色系统中，考虑颜色刺激因素在内，进行匹配时三种参考或匹配剌激的数值。
国际照明委员会：法语表述是Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
英语表述是 International Commission on Illumination；颜色和颜色测量领域的的主要国际组织。
净度
净度是透明物质的特性，由此可能观察到此物质的内含物。
颜色测量委员会(CMC)
是SDC下属的一个委员会，其色差公式DEcmc是基于CIELAB色度的色差，属于可接受视觉偏差。
颜色属性
物体、光源或孔径外观的三维特征。其中一个维度通常表示亮度，其他两个维度共同表示色度。
色恒定性
在照明或观察条件改变的情况下，物体颜色感的恒定性。
色差
在特定条件下，两个物体颜色之间量值和特点的不同。
颜色测量尺度
一个明确规定颜色感知值的系统。
颜色感知
通过光谱的可见光区，不同波长的光所产生的颜色视觉感知。通过这样的颜色感知，观测仪可能够区别大小、形状和结构相同的两个不同物体的不同之处。
色别标志
在特定的颜色系统中用数值来标明颜色的三刺激值、色度座标、亮度值或其他色度值。
色度计
色度计用于测量三刺激值，并将其转化成色度。
对比度
测量不透明度；黑色物质为背景样品的特定反射率与同一样品白色物质为背景特定反射率的光反射率之比。
D
差异描述
用语言描述样品与标准的差异。基于色差数据。如果选定的色度是L, a, b 或L*a*b*，则差异描述会显示更亮/更暗，更红/更绿，或更黄/更蓝。如果选定的色度是LCh，则描述为更亮/更暗，更低饱和度/更高饱和度和颜色更浅/颜色更深。
漫反射
投射在物体表面上的入射光线向各个方向反射的现象。
漫透射
投射在物体表面的入射光线改变方向或散射到各个方向的过程。
H
雾度（Haze）
近乎清澈的样品内或其表面光的散射，是造成传播过程中光泽不良的原因。
Hitch标准
接近被测样品颜色的标准。与转移标准一样。
色调（Hue）
通过颜色感知属性，物体颜色被认定为是红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色或紫色。
Hunter L,a,b尺度表
1958年，Hunter公司制定的统一的、用于色差仪的色标。它是基于赫林（Hering）的对立色理论而制定。
I
照明体（Illuminant）
尽可能接近自然光源（通常在白天）的可以复制的光谱分布表。
仪器标准（Instrument Standards）
第二标准，仅用于维持特定仪器校准。
L
光（Light）
在光谱范围（大约380到780纳米之间）内正常人的眼睛能感知到的电磁辐射。
光源（Light Source）
仪器或视觉观察条件下，以光的形式提供辐射能量的因素。
亮度（Lightness）
白色物体区别于灰色、亮色区别于暗色物体的人类视觉感受。
M
同色异谱（Metamerism）
由于样品的光谱反射率不同，物质在一种光谱组成的光下匹配，而在另一种光谱组成的光下却可能呈现不匹配的现象。
同色异谱指数（Metamerism Index）
同色异谱程度的一种量化方式。不考虑发光体的情况，来自于两个光谱分布曲线的同色异谱总指数。两个不同发光体的同色异谱特殊指数。
孟赛尔颜色系统（Munsell Color System）
对比孟塞尔颜色图册，使用孟塞尔色调、明度和色品三个维度视觉估测识别样品颜色的系统。
N
纳米（Nanometer）单位：nm
相当于10-9米的长度测量单位。
O
物体颜色（Object Color）
物体根据入射光线光谱组成，光谱反射或透射以及观测仪光谱反应的外观颜色。
观测条件（Observing Conditions）
照亮和观测样品的几何和光谱条件的视觉或仪器评价。在目视法中，观测条件包括周围环境和观测仪的适应情况。
不透明度（Opacity）
薄片或胶片使下方图案模糊的程度。
对立色系统（Opponent-Colors System）
对立色系统是基于赫林的对立色理论建立的一种颜色系统，对立色色彩理论认为有六个独立的颜色维度，它们被看做三个对立色系统：黑—白、红—绿和黄—蓝。
P
直观感觉（Perception）
结合不同的感觉和过去的经验，根据接收的信号来识别物体。
理想的漫反射器（Perfect Diffuse Reflector）
一种理想的零吸光度和零透射率的均匀扩散器。
理想的的漫射发射器（Perfect Diffuse Transmitter）
一种理想的零吸光度和零反射率的均匀扩散器。
多色仪（Polychromator）
将光分解到分量波长进而分离窄谱的一种仪器。
精确度（Precision）
重复测量相同属性所得到的结果之间的吻合度。
基色光（Primary Light）
指按需要的比例调配混合相加可配得较多彩色的三种单色光的任何一种光。
基本标准（Primary Standard）
基本标准的标度由多种参数测量结果决定，该参数通常有别于用于其它标准的参数。
R
反射率（Reflectance）
入射光反射的比率。
反射（Reflection）
入射光线抵达物体表面或媒质界面时发生折回传播的过程。
折射（Refraction）
由一种媒介斜射入另一种具有不同折射参数媒介而形成的光线弯曲。
正透视度（Regular Transmittance）
入射光线直线投射到物体上，不发生散射的过程。
复测正确度（Repeatability）
单一仪器测量同一样品得到相同读数的程度。
重现性（Reproducibility）
在不同的实验室使用不同的仪器测量可获得的一致程度。
重新标准化（Restandardize）
仅用于设定最高标准化标度。
S
饱和度（Saturation）
同一亮度下偏离灰色程度的颜色感知属性。
散射（Scattering）
进入颗粒、纤维或粗糙表面的入射光向四面八方散开的过程。
二级标准（Secondary Standards）
基本标准外的所有其它标准。
色差分类（Shade Sorting）
类似颜色的物质分为一类，从而同类材料可统一用于某成品之中。
光谱色度计（Spectrocolorimeter）
带有积分微处理机或可执行三色刺激积分程序的个人计算机的可见光谱感知完全扫描或滤色分光光度计，通常为10到20纳米滤波。
分光光度计（Spectrophotometer）
一种测量与样品透视度和/或反射率波长有关的仪器。
光谱（Spectrum）
以光的波长排序的电磁能量的空间排列。对于可见光辐射，光谱是通过把白光分解成组成色的一系列颜色。
镜面（Specular）
具有反射镜或镜子的特质；具有光滑的反射面。
镜面反射（Specular Reflectance）
入射光线射到平面上（如镜子）光线不发生漫射的反射。
标准（Standard）
进行仪器测量的参考。
标准化（Standardization）
为达到符合规定的条件，使用给定的方法、程序或协议的过程。标准化仅在标度中使用。
T
公差（Tolerance）
样品实际参数值的允许变动量。任何色度或指标参数都可设置公差。
全反射（Total Reflection）
漫射及镜面反射。
全透射（Total Transmission）
漫射及正透射。
转移标准（Transfer Standards）
接近样品测量颜色的标准。这与Hitch标准一样。
半透明度（Translucency）
透射光主要部分会发生散射的物质属性。
透射（Transmission）
入射光线穿过物体的透光现象。
透明度（Transparency）
透射光穿过物体时散射现象可忽略的物质属性。
U
统一色标（Uniform Color Scale）
表示辨色点对应的视觉差异和辨色点所代表的颜色差异的色标或色立体图。
W
波长（Wavelength）
两个同相或临波辨色点之间沿传播线测量的距离。波长分布决定光的颜色。可见光波长范围约为380到780纳米。
Color theory vocabulary Library
A
Absolute Reflectance Value
Reflectance value relative to the perfectly reflecting and perfectly diffusing surface, which is assigned a value of 1.0.
Absorption
Process by which light or other electromagnetic radiation is converted into heat or other radiation when incident on or passing through material.
Accuracy
Conformity of a measured result to an accepted reference value or scale.
Achromatic Color
A neutral color, such as white, gray or black, that has no hue. Also termed nonchromatic.
Angle of Incidence
The angle between the axis of an impinging light beam and the perpendicular to the specimen surface.
Angle of View
The angle between the axis of observation and the perpendicular to the specimen surface.
Attribute
Distinguishing characteristic of a sensation, perception or mode of appearance. Distinction is made between chromatic and geometric appearance attributes.
B
Brightness
The attribute of visual sensation by which an observer is made aware of differences in luminance.
C
Calibration
The graphical or mathematical relationship of a desired property to an instrument’s output.
Chromatic
Perceived as having a hue – not white, gray or black.
Chromatic Attributes
Those attributes associated with the spectral distribution of light, hue and saturation.
Chromaticity
That part of a color specification which does not involve luminance.
CIE 1976 L*a*b* Color Space
A uniform-color space utilizing an Adams-Nickerson cube root formula, suggested in 1976 for adoption by the CIE in 1976 for use in measurement of small color differences.
CIE Chromaticity Coordinates (Trichromatic Coefficients)
The ratios of each of the tristimulus values of a color to the sum of the tristimulus values. In the CIE system they are designated by x, y and z.
CIE Luminosity Function
A plot of the relative magnitude of the visual response as a function of wavelength from about 380 nm to 770 nm, adopted by CIE in 1924.
CIE Standard Observer
A hypothetical observer having the tristimulus color-mixture data recommended in 1931 by the CIE for a 2° field of vision (x, y, z or x2, y2, z2). A supplementary observer for a larger 10° field (x10, y10, z10) was adopted in 1964.
CIE Tristimulus Values
The amounts of the three reference or matching stimuli required to give a match, with the color stimulus considered, in a given trichromatic system.
CIE, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
In English, the International Commission on Illumination; the main international organization concerned with color and color measurement.
Clarity
The characteristic of a transparent material whereby distinct images may be observed through it.
CMC
Color difference based on the CIELAB color scale which can automatically generate tolerances for perceptible or acceptable differences.
Color Attribute
A three-dimensional characteristic of the appearance of an object, light source or aperture. One dimension usually defines the lightness and the other two together define the chromaticity.
Color Constancy
Substantial invariance of object-color perceptions in the presence of changes in illumination or viewing conditions.
Color Difference
The magnitude and character of the difference between two object colors under specified conditions.
Color Measurement Scale
A system of specifying numerically the perceived attributes of color.
Color Perceived
The visual sensation produced by light of different wavelengths throughout the visible region of the spectrum. By such perception an observer may distinguish differences between two objects of the same size, shape, and structure.
Color Specifications
Tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates and luminance value, or other color-scale values, used to designate a color numerically in a specified color system.
Colorimeter
Instrument which senses tristimulus values and converts them to chromaticity components of color.
Contrast Ratio
A measure of opacity; the ratio of the luminous reflectance of a specimen backed with black material of specified reflectance to the reflectance of the same specimen backed with white material of specified reflectance.
D
Delta Descriptor
A comparison of a sample to a standard in words. It is based on color difference data. When the selected color scale is L, a, b or L*a*b*, the delta descriptors are lighter/darker, redder/greener, or yellower/bluer. When the selected color scale is LCh, the descriptors are lighter/darker, less saturated/more saturated and less chromatic/more chromatic.
Diffuse Reflection
Process by which incident light is redirected over a range of angles from the surface on which it is incident.
Diffuse Transmission
Process by which incident light, while being transmitted through an object, is redirected or scattered over a range of angles.
H
Haze
The scattering of light within or at the surface of a nearly clear specimen, responsible for cloudy appearance seen in transmission.
Hitch Standards
Standards close in color to the specimens being measured. These are the same as transfer standards.
Hue
The attribute of color perception by means of which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue or purple.
Hunter L,a,b Scale
A uniform color scale devised by Hunter in 1958 for use in a color difference meter. It is based on Hering’s opponent-colors theory of vision.
I
Illuminant
A table of spectral distribution as close as possible to that of the natural light source, usually daylight, to be duplicated.
Instrument Standards
Secondary standards which are only used with a particular instrument for maintaining the calibration of the instrument.
L
Light
Electromagnetic radiation in the spectral range (approximately 380 nm to 780 nm) detectable by the normal human eye.
Light Source
That element in an instrument or in the visual observing situation that furnishes radiant energy in the form of light.
Lightness
Perception by which white objects are distinguished from gray objects and light objects from dark color objects.
M
Metamerism
The phenomenon whereby colors of specimens match when illuminated by light of one spectral composition despite differences in spectral reflectance of the specimens, and that consequently may not match in light of some other spectral composition.
Metamerism Index
A measure of the degree of metamerism. A general index of metamerism is derived from two metameric spectral distribution curves without regard to the illuminant. A special index of metamerism is specified to two different illuminants.
Munsell Color System
The color identification of a specimen by its Munsell hue, value and chroma as visually estimated by comparison with the Munsell Book of Color.
N
Nanometer (nm)
Unit of length equal to 10-9 of a meter.
O
Object Color
The aspect of the appearance of an object dependent upon the spectral composition of the incident light, the spectral reflectance or transmittance of the object, and the spectral response of an observer.
Observing Conditions
The geometric and spectral conditions of illuminating and viewing a specimen for visual or instrumental evaluation. In visual observations, the conditions include the surroundings and the state of adaptation of the observer.
Opacity
The degree to which a sheet or film obscures a pattern beneath it.
Opponent-Colors System
A color system based on Hering’s opponent-colors theory which states that there are six independent color dimensions which are perceived by three opponent-color systems: black-white, red-green and yellow-blue.
P
Perception
The combination of different sensations and the utilization of past experience in recognizing the objects from which the stimulation comes.
Perfect Diffuse Reflector
An ideal uniform diffuser with zero absorbance and zero transmittance.
Perfect Diffuse Transmitter
An ideal uniform diffuser with zero absorbance and zero reflectance.
Polychromator
A device for isolating narrow portions of the spectrum by dispersing light into its component wavelengths.
Precision
The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property.
Primary Light
Any one of three lights in terms of which a color is specified by giving the amounts required to duplicate it by additive combination.
Primary Standard
A standard whose calibration is determined by the measurement of parameters usually different from the parameter for which it will be used as a standard.
R
Reflectance
The ratio of reflected to incident radiation.
Reflection
Process by which incident light leaves a surface or medium from the side on which it is incident.
Refraction
The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium into another having a different index of refraction.
Regular Transmittance
Process by which incident light is transmitted through an object in a rectilinear, straight-through manner, without diffusion.
Repeatability
The degree to which a single instrument gives the same reading on the same specimen.
Reproducibility
The agreement attainable between measurements performed by different instruments in different laboratories.
Restandardize
To set the top of the standardization scale only.
S
Saturation
The attribute of color perception that expresses the degree of departure from the gray of the same lightness.
Scattering
The process by which light passing through granular, fibrous or rough surface matter is redirected throughout a range of angles.
Secondary Standards
All standards other than primary standards.
Shade Sorting
The grouping together of similarly-colored materials so that the materials within each group may be used together in a finished product.
Spectrocolorimeter
Visible spectrum-sensing full-scanning or abridged spectrophotometer with either an integral microprocessor or a personal computer programmed to perform tristimulus integrations, normally with a broad bandpass of 10 nm to 20 nm.
Spectrophotometer
An instrument used for measuring the transmittance and/or reflectance of specimens as a function of wavelength.
Spectrum
Spatial arrangement of electromagnetic energy in order of wavelength. For visible radiation, the spectrum is a band of color produced by breaking white light into its component colors.
Specular
Having the qualities of a speculum or mirror; having a smooth reflecting surface.
Specular Reflectance
Process by which incident light is redirected at the specular angle, as from a mirror, without diffusion.
Standard
A reference against which instrumental measurements are made.
Standardization
Process by which a given method, procedure or protocol is made to conform to prescribed conditions. Standardization can only follow calibration.
T
Tolerance
Limits that determine how far a sample can deviate from a standard. Tolerances can be set for any color scale or index parameter.
Total Reflection
Diffuse plus specular reflection.
Total Transmission
Diffuse plus regular transmission.
Transfer Standards
Standards close to the color of the specimens being measured. These are the same as hitch standards.
Translucency
The property of a material by which a major portion of the transmitted light undergoes scattering.
Transmission
Process by which incident light is transmitted through an object.
Transparency
The property of a material by which a negligible portion of the transmitted light undergoes scattering.
U
Uniform Color Scale
A color scale or color solid in which the differences between points correspond to the perceptual visual differences between the colors represented by these points.
W
Wavelength
The distance, measured along the line of propagation, between two points that are in phase or on adjacent waves. Wavelength distribution determines the color of light. Wavelengths of visible light range from about 380 nm to about 780 nm.
来源：Hunterlab颜色参数表，有修改